Nouns are words used as the name
of a person, animal, object, place or quality, or a collection of these.
- The gender of nouns is not indicated by their sound
but by their meaning. Nouns are either male, female,
common or neutral depending on whether they denote a
male, female, either sex or an inanimate object.
- Singular nouns.
Some nouns have different forms for
male and female.
| Male |
Female |
| boar |
boar |
sou |
|
| brither |
brother |
sister |
sister |
| bull |
bull |
cou |
cow |
| cowt |
colt |
filly |
filly |
| drake |
drake |
deuk |
duck |
| dug |
dog |
bick |
bitch |
| eme / uncle* |
uncle |
auntie |
aunt |
| faither |
father |
mither |
mother |
| guidman |
husband |
guidwife |
wife |
| guid-sir |
grandfather |
auld-dame |
grandmother |
| keeng |
king |
queen |
queen |
| lad |
boy |
lass |
girl |
| loun ** |
boy |
quean |
girl |
| man |
man |
wumman |
woman |
| nevoy |
nephew |
niece |
niece |
| staig |
stallion |
meir |
mare |
| tuip |
ram |
yowe |
ewe |
*eme is the maternal uncle.
**loun and quean [kwəin]
are typical of northern Scots varieties.
Machines, ships and boats etc., countries
and the like often take the feminine and are addressed
by the pronoun she.
She's late the day. (The bus)
The
bus is late today. |
Regular
plurals are formed by adding s.
haund - haunds
hand - hands |
kirn - kirns
churn - churns |
pirn - pirns
bobbin - bobbins |
Note that in words like knife,
laif, life, thief, wife
the Scots plural is regular.
knifes
knives |
laifs
loaves |
lifes
lives |
thiefs
thieves |
wifes
wives |
If the singular noun ends in a sibilant
(hissing) sound it takes the ending es, or
where the noun ends with an e, s, to
form the plural.
hoose - hooses
house - houses |
rash - rashes
rush - rushes |
catch - catches
catch - catches |
Some nouns are usually or only used
in the plural, or they have a special meaning when
used in the plural.
| ess |
ash(es) |
parritch |
porridge |
| bellaes |
bellows |
plainstanes |
pavement |
| breeks |
trousers |
severals* |
several |
| brose |
soup |
shears |
scissors |
| broth |
soup |
tangs |
tongs |
| duds |
rags |
tawse |
leather strap |
| lichts |
lungs |
| |
*Severals refers to several
persons or things.
Some nouns are only used in the plural.
Accompanying verbs are used as if to denote their
constituent parts.
The parritch! The'r real guid the day.
The porridge! It is really
good today. |
Thir kail will be ower cauld.
This
broth will be too cold. |
- Scots contains a number of irregular plurals. Some
of the more common ones are:
| Singular |
Plural |
| cauf |
calf |
caur |
calves |
| cou |
cow |
kye |
cattle |
| ee |
eye |
een |
eyes |
| fit |
foot |
feet |
feet |
| guiss |
goose |
geese |
geese |
| loose |
louse |
lice |
lice |
| man |
man |
men |
men |
| moose |
mouse |
mice |
mice |
| owse |
ox |
owsen |
oxen |
| shae |
shoe |
shuin |
shoes |
| tuith |
tooth |
teeth |
teeth |
| wumman |
woman |
weemen |
women |
Older forms brither (brother) - brether(en)
(brothers) and Tree (tree) - Treen (trees) existed.
- Some nouns have the same form in singular and plural.
| Singular |
Plural |
| birse |
bristle |
birse |
bristles |
| cod |
cod |
cod |
cod |
| deer |
deer |
deer |
deer |
| dizzen |
dozen |
dizzen |
dozens |
| fish |
fish |
fish* |
fish |
| gait |
goat |
gait |
goats |
| groose |
grouse |
groose |
grouse |
| gryce |
pig |
gryce |
pigs |
| herrin |
herring |
herrin |
herring |
| horse |
horse |
horse |
horses |
| nowt |
bullock |
nowt |
cattle |
| pease |
pea |
pease |
peas |
| saumon |
salmon |
saumon |
salmon |
| sheep |
sheep |
sheep |
sheep |
| swine |
pig |
swine |
pigs |
| troot |
trout |
troot |
trout |
The plural fish represents
a mass of fish. The plural fishes represents
a quantity of individual 'fishes'.
Note: A scissor. (A pair of scissors.)
Leuk at aw thae fish.
Look
at all those fish. |
A hae five fishes.
I
have five fish(es). |
- Many nouns take the same form as the verb with which
they are connected.
| Verb |
Noun |
| blame |
blame |
fault |
| lauch |
lauch |
laugh |
| stap |
stap |
step |
| stap |
stop |
stop |
It's no ma blame.
It's
not my fault. |
That's an ill lauch.
That's
an evil laugh. |
Tak tent o the stap.
Mind
the step. |
- Tae is often used in conjunction with nouns
and verbs to form compounds implying addition, attraction,
attachment and motion towards.
Ye shoud stop, the tae-brig
is gaun up.
You ought to
stop, the draw-bridge is being raised. |
The dealer selt the gear for the
tae-come.
The dealer
sold the equipment for profit. |
The tae-draucht o the swaw
is takkin the boat wi't.
The
attractive force of the waves is carrying the
boat along. |
The man bocht sae muckle he wis
gien a bit tae-breid.
The
man bought so much that he was given more by way
of a discount. |
He keeps his dug in a tae-faw.
He
keeps his dog in a lean-to. |
That's juist his tae-name.
That's
only his nickname. |
- Diminutives.
Diminutives expressing smallness,
endearment or contempt are formed by adding ie,
ock or even ockie to the noun (ies
for plurals) and are often preceded by wee.
The wee lassie.
The
little girl. |
A wee duggie.
A
little dog. |
The wee beastie.
The
little beast. |
A wee bittock mair.
A little bit more. |
Ye wee saftie.
You
little soft headed person. |
A hooseockie.
A
little house. |
The wifeockie.
The
little woman. |
The muckle feardie.
The big coward. |
The pleuchie.
The
ploughman. |
He's a daftie.
He's
mad. |
Ma wee dearies.
My
little darlings. |
|
- Nouns of measure and quantity.
Number and quantity are sometimes
designated by nouns and sometimes by adjectives.
After cardinal numbers, nouns of
measure, usually remain unchanged in the plural. The
noun is usually followed by the preposition o
before a pronoun, but o is often omitted before
a following noun.
Twa poke o tatties.
Two
bags of potatoes. |
Fower acre o grund.
Four
acres of land. |
Three fit lang.
Three
feet long. |
Fower mile awa.
Four
miles away. |
Five hunderwecht.
Five
hundredweight. |
Sax pund.(weight)
Six
pounds. |
A gied him twa poond.
I
gave him two pounds.(Sterling) |
Twa gless o beer.
Two
glasses of beer. |
A guid wheen months.
A
good many months. |
Ten stane o hay.
Ten
stones of hay. |
She's twal year auld.
She
is twelve years old. |
aicht score o sheep.
Eight
score sheep. |
sieven dizzen o eggs.
Seven
dozen eggs. |
A wee drap ile.
A
little drop of oil. |
A wee bit breid.
A
little bit of bread. |
|
Nouns of quantity.
A small quantity may be expressed
by:
A wee, a bit.
A
small, a little. |
Juist a wee bit wean.
Only
a little child. |
Gie's a wee thing(ie)
ile.
Give me a little (bit
of) oil. |
Gie's a wee drap kail.
Give me a small drop of (cabbage)
soup. |
A tait o oo.
A
(little) lock of wool. |
A wee thocht whisky.
A
small whisky. |
A hair o aits.
A
small portion of oats. |
A grain soordouk.
A
little buttermilk. |
A wee titch saut.
A
little salt. |
|
A few may be expressed by:
A wheen neeps.
A
few turnips. |
Twa-three weets.
A
few drinks. |
A pickle nits.
A
few nuts. |
A somewhat larger quantity may be
expressed by:
A curn o fowk.
A
few people. |
A guid wheen auld wifes.
A
good few old women. |
A guid pickle fishes.
A
good few fish. |
A considerable quantity may be expressed
by:
A hantle stanes.
A
large amount of stones. |
A great deal mair.
A
great deal more. |
A muckle hott muck.
Very
much dung. |
A daud o kebbock.
A
chunk of cheese. |
A nievefu bere.
A
fistful of barley. |
A rowth o pouts.
An
abundance of young game birds. |
A gowpanfu o grosets.
Two (cupped) hands full of
gooseberries. |
Other expressions of measurement
and quantity are:
She's the wale o thaim aw.
She's
the pick of them all. |
The feck o fowk thinks that.
Most
people think so. |
The hail clamjamfrie.
The whole mob. All the odds
and ends. |
Gie's the tither hauf.
Give
me the other half. |
That wis juist the tae hauf o't.
That was the one half of it. |
A niver seen the likes o
thae.
I never saw anything
like those. |
The lave can bide here.
The remainder may remain here. |
He'd taen the tane an she'd
taen the tither.
He'd
taken one and she'd taken the other. |
- Case.
Nouns have three cases; nominative,
objective and possessive. The nominative names the
subject. The objective denotes the object.The possessive
denotes possession.
The nominative and the objective
are the same.
The possessive singular is formed
by adding 's to the nominative (insert apostrophe).
The bairn's fit.
The
child's foot. |
The wife's ring.
The
wife's ring. |
The dug's bane.
The
dog's bone. |
The horse's heid.
The
horse's head. |
Note the subtle difference in meaning
of:
He said he seen a cou's heid at the door.
He said he saw a cow's head
at the door.
(the head of a living cow looking in). |
She said she seen a cou-heid at the door.
She said she saw a cow's head
at the door.
(the severed head of a dead cow). |
The possessive plural is formed by
adding s' to the nominative.
Yowes' horns.
Ewes'
horns. |
Wifes' rings.
Wives'
rings. |
Dugs' banes.
Dogs'
bones. |
Hooses' windaes.
Houses'
windows. |
Where the plural is not formed by
adding s' or es' to the singular, 's
is added to the nominative plural.
Men's buits.
Men's
boots. |
weemen's clash.
Woman's
gossip. |
Kye's milk.
Cow's
milk. |
- Nouns denoting inanimate objects do not usually take
the possessive. In such cases a sense of belonging to,
being connected with or being used for is expressed:
By placing the governing noun before
the governed noun with the preposition o (of)
in between them.
The heid o the toun.
The
upper end of town. |
The fit o the toun.
The
lower end of town. |
By simply forming a compound noun
by placing the governed noun in front of the governing
noun.
Hert-scaud.
Heartburn. |
Heidsheet.
Sheet
for the top of a bed. |
Hausebane.
Collarbone. |
By sometimes inserting a hyphen is
between the nouns.
Toun-heid.
The
town centre. |
Brig-end.
The
end of the bridge. |
Lum-tap.
The top
of the chimney. |
The use or non use of a hyphen depends
on word stress and morphological behaviour.
- The verbal noun (a verb functioning as a noun) is
formed by adding in to the verb root. As in English
the final e of the verb is dropped.
The beirin o praisents is
furthie.
The bearing of
presents is pleasant. |
The batin o dugs is ill-kyndit.
The beating of dogs is cruel. |
Spak o lowpin ower a linn.
Spoke of jumping over a deep
pool. |
He's fond o speakin til
his feres.
He's fond of
speaking to his comrades. |
Bitin an scartin's
Scots fowk's wooin.
Biting
and scratching is Scotch peoples' way of wooing. |
- Most nouns describing occupations or the person carrying
out the action implied by the verb were formed by adding
ar to the verb in middle Scots. That pronunciation
has become /ər/,
now usually spelled er. Some older forms spelled
ar still exist.
| bak |
baxter |
baker |
mak |
makar |
poet (maker) |
| cot |
cottar |
cottager |
pent |
penter |
painter |
| ferm |
fermer |
farmer |
saidle |
saidler |
saddler |
| flesh |
flesher |
butcher |
shear |
shearer |
reaper |
| jyne |
jyner |
joiner |
shew |
shewster |
sempster |
| lee |
leear |
liar |
(suere)* |
souter |
cobbler |
| lowp |
lowper |
jumper |
wab |
wabster |
weaver |
*From Latin Sutor - suere to sew.
